Temperament and Social Development

Introduction The literature review is accurately represented by the research paper. It has explored various theories and presented hypotheses to explain how children react to victimisation. First, it assumes that temperament and sex determine the contribution of peer victimisation to a child’s aggression and depressive symptoms (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). This assumption helps to develop intervention programmes to alleviate the effects of peer victimisation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Temperament and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reviews include theoretical perspectives from previous researches conducted by other people to explain the impacts of sex in determining children’s reactions to victimisation. This includes researches done by scholars like Stephen G. West and Leona S. Aiken on how to test and interpret interactions amongst teenagers that experience peer victimisation (Aiken and West 1991). The authors have used research findings and reports from other scholars like John Archer to explain how sex determines aggression levels in children. The data review prepares audiences for what is to be covered in the research paper. The author cites quotes from researches done by other people and this shows that the issues being covered are not new in this field. This enables readers to link this paper to other research findings that were done to understand various issues that affect the reactions of children to peer victimisation. It is important to explain that a good introduction must ensure that the reader is directed from a general subject to a specific topic covered in a paper. This research paper explored various issues that determine the outcome of children’s reactions to peer victimisation. In addition, it narrowed its scope and focussed on sex as a key determinant of the reactions of children to peer victimisation. This en ables the reader to concentrate on the issues covered by the research and thus understand the relationship between different variables explored by the researcher. On the other hand, this has enabled the researcher to focus on a single issue to avoid wasting time and presenting unguided findings. The research focus enables the researcher to plan and know what to do to avoid conducting a research that does not have a schedule. It is necessary to explain that this focus ensures the researcher plans his time properly to avoid giving some issues a lot of concentration and ignoring others. Therefore, this research focus ensures there is adequate time allocated to all activities to make the project successful. The research questions and hypotheses of the paper have been clearly stated and this enables readers to know what the researcher intends to do. The paper has clearly stated its hypothesis that temperament and sex moderate the contribution of peer victimisation to children’s su bsequent adjustment. It seeks to answer questions related to child development; for instance, it examined whether the effects of victimisation are determined by children’s temperament or other factors like parental care and social groups (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). The paper defines technical terms used in the research to ensure readers understand their meanings. This paper has been cited and used by other scholars and institutions, including the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methods This involves the procedures the researcher has used to collect data from various sources. The designs used by the researcher are effective because they represent the actual data on the ground. It is necessary to explain that the researcher sampled his respondents before collecting data. The research involved 283 participants (158 g irls and 125 boys) from different towns in Midwestern to increase the chances of getting varied outcomes. In addition, those children were from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (13.9% African-Americans, 77.7 % whites and 8.4% from other races) to ensure all groups were represented proportionally (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). These groups involved participants from different economic backgrounds and some were given subsidised school lunch to persuade them to participate in the research. Parents were requested to allow their children to participate in the research to ensure there was consent from all participants. Questionnaires were used twice to ensure there was consistency and accuracy of the data provided by participants. That is why the research allowed them to provide feedback twice with an interval of one year between the first and second responses. Mails and home visits were used to collect surveys from parents while teachers returned their responses through locked boxes (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). The researchers saw it necessary to involve the University of London’s Institutional Review Board to approve the procedures used in the research. The experimental and control groups were well matched to ensure the research achieved a high level of accuracy. A perfect research develops two sets of data for the actual and control experiments. Children were classified into two broad categories that included the majority and minority groups. Those in the majority group were the main subjects in the experiment while those in the minority were used as control samples. They provided parallel data that enabled researchers to compute and record findings in two sets. The data obtained from these sets did not show major differences in the behaviour of children towards peer victimisation (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). Therefore, the standard deviation obtained did not show major disparities from the theorised data. Even though, the control and experimental gro ups were randomly selected they were well matched to ensure the experiment had a reference set. The data collection methods were well operationalised to ensure the outlined constructs were covered. For instance, the focus of this research was on obtaining different results from children regarding their responses to peer victimisation. This was achieved by using samples from different schools and homes. In addition, the research questions were well answered using questionnaires that were given to children, parents, and teachers (Godleski and Ostrov 2010).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Temperament and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research hypothesis was proved to be correct and this was shown in the results obtained and the information collected from different literature reviews. Reliability and validity were reported in a cumulative representation in various forms, includin g tables and questionnaires to record quantitative measures. Moreover, the process of the construction of the interview passed the research requirements regarding quantitative measures. The research process enabled replication of the procedures used. The procedures were outlined in the methodology and it is easy for a different researcher to conduct this research and find the same answers as provided in the paper. Therefore, the procedures outlined in the research paper have sufficient details that will allow other researchers to understand what has been done. This enables them to conduct this research and find similar answers; therefore, the procedures described are adequate to enable replication. Moreover, there are no obvious flaws in the data presented in this research. Ethical issues were appropriately addressed in the research. For instance, the researcher obtained consent from parents before involving their children in the research. In addition, relevant bodies were consulted before the research started. This shows that the researchers fulfilled all research requirements that guide participants, samples, methods and ethical concerns. Results/Findings The researcher described the sample and context of various issues in the study to ensure the recipients understand the relationship between sex and response to peer victimisation amongst children (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). The researcher described different methods that were used to select samples. They include sex, race and economic status to ensure all groups were represented in the research. This was important in ensuring that the data collected represented the actual events in the context of the research (Lau and Eley 2008). In quantitative research, all hypotheses and questions were tested and the results obtained were recorded in tables. Inferential tests were used where the researcher was required to direct the research and enable other people to compare their findings with what they expected befor e conducting this exploration (Card and Hodges 2008). These tests are correct because they provided accurate and appropriate results that enabled the researcher to compute the data obtained and record it without confusing the audience.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need to obtain credible results compels all researchers to use inferential tests to guide them and ensure they do not deviate from their objectives. Researchers may be influenced by research outcomes, participants or other factors and this may affect the results of their projects. Therefore, inferential tests are used to determine whether researchers are on track or have missed some important steps. The sample size collected may not have been sufficient to support the research analysis because the researcher used a small population. However, it is necessary to explain that research samples are obtained depending on the size of the targeted population (Lengua, Bush, Long, Kovacs and Trancik 2008). Therefore, it is not necessary to use a large sample size if a small one can provide the information required by the researcher. This means that sample sizes may be small but suitable to represent the entire population targeted by a researcher. T-tests are used to compare data of large sample sizes, but they are sometimes applied in researches that involve a small population. Therefore, the researcher cannot be condemned for using this test to compare the sets of data obtained in this experiment. It is necessary to explain that the methods of collecting or analysing data should be evaluated depending on their accuracy and how the user understands them (Graham, Bellmore, Nishina and Juvonen 2009). The write-up does not evoke a real picture regarding the process of analysing data collected in this experiment. The researcher has not provided information to support the validity, reliability and accuracy of the research finding. For instance, the coding system used does not represent the differences between the categories of samples used. Discussion The research results were clearly summarised and the author has presented pertinent issues in a clear manner. It is necessary to explain that this research involved a lot of experiments and data and this made it difficult t o summarise its findings. However, the most important issues in the research were presented without interfering with their qualities and quantities. The research findings were summarised properly and this enables the audience to know what the project was about without necessarily going through the whole paper. The researcher answered all questions and this shows that the paper has achieved its objectives. For instance, the researcher wanted to know if there was a relationship between sex and reactions of children to peer victimisation (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). In addition, it explored the possibilities of age, race and economic effect on children’s victimisation. The data collection and analysis methods support the interpretations of the information presented by the researcher. It is necessary to explain that the findings of this research were presented in a qualitative and quantitative manner and this is important in ensuring the audience understands various issues about children’s reactions to victimisation (Ostrov 2010). However, some claims were not supported by the sample design used by the researcher. For instance, the criteria used to select participants were applied to children and not their teachers, parents or caretakers. Therefore, this means that the sample was biased since it did not follow similar criteria in all cases (Benjet, Thompson and Gotlib 2010). The researcher made comments, hypotheses and assumptions based on co-relational designs and forgot that the cases used were broad and thus required complicated criteria to select participants. The findings are linked to previous researches and theories advanced by other people, including Stephen West, Leona Aiken and John Archer. The researcher identified key limitations like poor support and ineffective schedules by participants. However, these were not influential in determining the outcome of the research findings because the researcher had expected and planned to manage any c omplication that could have occurred during the study. The paper discuses future implications and recommendations that may affect children’s reactions to peer victimisation. The researchers observed that low inhibitory control puts girls at risk of becoming more aggressive after victimisation. Therefore, it recommends that it is necessary to strengthen their abilities to participate in organised responses to discourage victimisation. In addition, it presents that it is necessary for teachers and parents to teach children the importance of regulating their emotions to prevent them from blaming themselves or having a low self esteem (Keenan, Hipwell, Feng, Rischall, Henneberger and Klosterman 2010). The findings of this paper will help scientists, teachers and parents to understand the causes and effects of peer victimisation. This will help educators and scientists to develop effective programmes that target children according to their needs (Sugimura and Rudolph 2012). Refere nces Aiken, L. S. and West, S. G. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting  Interactions. California: Sage Publications. Benjet, C., Thompson, R. J. and Gotlib, I. H. (2010). 5-HTTLPR moderates the effect of relational peer victimization on depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 173–179. Card, N. A. and Hodges, E. V. E. (2008). Peer victimization among school children: Correlations, causes, consequences, and considerations in assessment and intervention. School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 451–461. Godleski, S. A. and Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Relational aggression and hostile attribution biases: Testing multiple statistical methods and models. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 447–458. Graham, S., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A. and Juvonen, J. (2009). ‘‘It must be me’’: Ethnic diversity and attributions for peer victimization in middle school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 38, 487–499. Keenan, K., Hipwell, A., Feng, X., Rischall, M., Henneberger, A. and Klosterman, S. (2010). Lack of assertion, peer victimization, and risk for depression in girls: Testing a diathesis–stress model. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47, 526–528. Lau, J. Y. F. and Eley, T. C. (2008). Attribution style as a risk marker of genetic effects for adolescent depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 849–859. Lengua, L. J., Bush, N. R., Long, A. C., Kovacs, E. A. and Trancik, A. M. (2008). Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 509–528. Ostrov, J. M. (2010). Prospective associations between peer victimization and aggression. Child Development, 81, 1670–1677. Sugimura, N. and Rudolph, D. K. (2012). Temperamental differences in children’s reactions to peer victimization. Journal of Clinical Child and Adoles cent Psychology, 41:3, 314-328. This critical writing on Temperament and Social Development was written and submitted by user Rivka Moreno to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Setup and Use SSH on a Raspberry PI

How to Setup and Use SSH on a Raspberry PI SSH is a secure method of logging onto a remote computer. If your Pi is networked, then this can be a handy way of operating it from another computer or just copying files to or from it. First, you have to install the SSH service. This is done by this command: sudo apt-get install ssh After a couple of minutes, this will be complete. You can start the daemon (Unix name for a service) with this command from the terminal: sudo /etc/init.d/ssh start This init.d is used to start other daemons. For example, if you have Apache, MySQL, Samba etc. You can also stop the service with stop or restart it with restart. Have It Start at Bootup To set it up so the ssh server starts every time the Pi boots up, run this command once: sudo update-rc.d ssh defaults You can check that it worked by forcing your Pi to reboot with the reboot command: sudo reboot Then after rebooting try to connect to it using Putty or WinSCP (details below). Powering Down and Rebooting Its possible to corrupt your SD card with power offs before it halts. The result: reinstall everything. Only power down once you have fully shut down your Pi. Given its low power usage and little heat given off, you could probably leave it running 24x7. If you want to shut it down, use the shutdown command: sudo shutdown -h now Change -h to -r and it does the same as sudo reboot. Putty and WinSCP If youre accessing your Pi from the command line of a Windows/Linux or Mac PC then use Putty or the commercial (but free for private use) Tunnelier. Both are great for general browsing around your Pis folders and copying files to or from a Windows PC. Download them from these URLs: Putty Download PageWinSCP Download PageTunnelier: Powerful free to use Windows SFTP etc. Your Pi needs to be connected to your network before you use Putty or WinSCP and you need to know its IP address. On my network, my Pi is on 192.168.1.69. You can find yours by typing in /sbin/ifconfig and on the 2nd line of the output, youll see inet addr: followed by your IP address. For Putty, its easiest to download putty.exe or the zip file of all the exes and put them in a folder. When you run putty it pops up a configuration Window. Enter your IP address in the input field where it says Host Name (or IP address) and enter pi or any name there. Now click the save button then the open button at the bottom. Youll have to login into your pi but now you can use it as if you were actually there. This can be quite useful, as its far easier to cut and paste long text strings in via a putty terminal. Try running this command: ps ax That shows a list of processes running on your pi. These include ssh (the two sshd) and Samba (nmbd and smbd) and many others. PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND858 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd866 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D887 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D1092 ? Ss 0:00 sshd: pi [priv] WinSCP We find it most useful to set it up in two screen mode rather than in explorer mode but its easily changed in the Preferences. Also in preferences under Integration/Applications change the path to the putty.exe so you can easily jump into putty. When you connect to the pi, it starts at your home directory which is /home/pi. Click on the two .. to view the folder above and do it once more to get to the root. You can see all of the 20 Linux folders. After youve used a terminal for a while youll see a hidden file .bash_history (not that well hidden!). This is a text file of your command history with all the commands youve used before so copy it, edit out the stuff you dont want and keep the useful commands somewhere safe.

Impact of current economic downturn on Startegic human resource Essay

Impact of current economic downturn on Startegic human resource development - Essay Example e strategic human resource development can involve any of the following types of development such as short term or long term development, individual or group orientation, low participation or high participation techniques, spontaneous or systemic development and so on (Schuler and Jackson, 1987). But the dependence of these types of development techniques is based on certain pillars. These are as discussed by Garavan (2007) global environment, corporate strategy and culture, value and exclusivity of jobs and lastly employee expectation and careers. This essay will examine the importance of the contexts in the strategic human resource development while assessing the impact of the recent economic turmoil on these contexts in relation to human resource development. Furthermore, new steps initiated by organizations in response to the impacts will also be discussed. A swiftly changing economic environment illustrated by events such as globalization, deregulation of global markets, changing demands of customer and supplier, rapidly increasing competition in product-market and so on has become a change standard for organizations. Organizations in order to remain competitive, find ways to reduce costs, innovate products and processes and bring about changes in human resource management and development. Researches have addressed the concept of human resource as one that contributes to the accomplishment of organization’s operating and strategic goals. As the human resource strategies are built to accomplish the goals of the firms, certain objectives or framework also lies behind the development and objectives of strategic human resource. According to Garavan (2007) four levels of context are important in shaping organizations strategic human resource development: a) the global environment; b) the organization’s strategy, structure, culture, and leadership; c) the value and uniqueness that the firm attaches to particular jobs; and d) individual expectations,

Million Dollar Invention Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Million Dollar Invention - Scholarship Essay Example I have this belief that each DNA strand in human beings eventually spin off into various functions and develop certain intricacies which dictate if that particular DNA chain will result in a future illness for a person. By following the DNA strands development rather than manipulating it for specific scientific purposes, I believe I will be able to unlock the reasons as to why certain people are predisposed to certain illnesses. I realize that my dream of unlocking the secrets that the human DNA holds in relation to our illnesses may seem laughable at the moment. But take a step back and just think about it. The human DNA is the basis of human life and yet are still merely discovering the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the nitty gritty of how it functions and how it affects our health and well being. Therefore, studying its evolution until it produces an illness is something that will definitely have a positive effect in the development of future health care solutions. After successfully analyzing and segregating the DNA chains by the resulting illnesses, I will then concentrate on developing a medical test that shall successfully identify the DNA markers that each person carries which can tell the medical professional exactly what kind of illnesses the person he is treating shall be prone to. This should effectively eliminate or lessen the existence of certain illnesses since the development of the DNA chain into that particular strand can now be retarded, prevented, or cured. Such a medical discovery shall definitely be far ahead of its time and would definitely result in my names addition to the roster of noted names in the scientific field that have discovered and/or prevented illnesses from happening. More so when the public finds out that I managed to accomplish all of those things with only a million dollars backing my scientific and medical

The low growth of women Essay Example for Free

The low growth of women Essay Due to the low growth of women entering in the politics, people all around the world are suggesting different approaches to enhance the growth of women in the political sector. Applying quota system is one of the approaches. The initiation of quotas in legislation for women puts forward a policy of precise means and goals. Due to the system’s affectability and efficiency the masses think that this approach will increase the representation of women in the politics. But these quota systems also face strong resilience and raise very serious questions. How to execute the quota policy? What happened to the countries who adopted the quota systems? What arguments come up for the use of quotas? Justification: The main thought behind using the quota approach is to encourage women to participate more in politics and work in political positions and also see to that the women are not only a few tokens in the political scenario. Quotas ensure that women are entitled to have a specified percentage of the associates in the legislative body, whether it is a committee, an assembly or a government. Quota systems help to raise the representation of women in the political world to ensure that women are not left out or being isolated and are at the every step of the political systems (Niven, 1998). Pros of quota system: ? Quotas will help to minimize the stress faced by the already present token women in the parliament or committee. ? It will help to raise the rights of women as a civilian in the same demonstration. ? The need of women’s experiences in the political life can be filled. ? It will help to represent the qualities and qualifications of women, which are the same as men, in the male dominated society. ? The fact is the political parties nominate the selections, not the voters, who only decide which nominee is elected. ? Conflicts may arise by applying quotas, but it would be temporary and will do a lot of good in the long run in the representation of women in the political frame. Opposing view point: According to Anna Balletbo and many others quotas are considered as double ended swords. Each end gives the male the upper hand over women. At one end, men think to empower the women by involving them in decision making and creating more opportunities for them. But at the other end, the men who are responsible for creating opportunities for women will try to find the women whom they can manage very easily and only allow the specific type of women who accept the domination of man over women (International IDEA, 2007). Cons of quota system: ? Quotas represent unequal opportunity for all as it is not purely based on merit and favors women. ? Quotas also represent an undemocratic atmosphere as the voters are not able to make the decision about who is going to be elected. ? Quotas simply shows that the political candidates are nominated because of their gender rather then their qualifications, which creates a system of unfairness as merit is not being preferred and people with higher capabilities and higher qualifications are brushed aside by the quota system. ? Women don’t want to get involved in politics because of the perception that women cannot be a part of government. ? Implementation of quotas will create many inter- party conflicts and lead to political instability. Conclusion: The primary objective of quota system is to increase the number of women in the political scenario and clearly represent the under acknowledge gender in the political system. A successful quota arrangement will allow the ample amount of qualified women candidates to be recruited by the political group or party, and a certain number of women will be in the part of the government instead of the few token one’s and lastly it will allow the elected women candidates to enforce their idea’s and their feminist thinking in decision making process. Just to pass a rule to allow women a 30 per cent seats in the parliament is not adequate. Implementation of the quotas is essential. Regulations should be kept clear cut, the vaguer they are, the more the risk of the non-implementation of quota regulations. Implementing the quota system will not silence its critics, as the regulatory body and the supporters of quota system need to understand, that their criticism is not temporary and have to be dealt throughout the future. By introducing quota system in the government bodies, in the past decade, has made considerable rise in the women politicians in most of the countries. These countries experienced a change in the policies and a significant growth in the women decision making. But it also depends upon the women as to how much they are loyal to their respective political parties and how much of the policy of quota is implemented (Tremblay, 2008). Through research it has been shown that women who are engaged in some sort of civil society work have got a higher chance of getting elected then the one’s who don’t and they also enjoy a greater influence on bills and policies then other women. Even if the quota system is implemented many hurdles are still to overcome in all the male-dominated societies. Reference: Niven, David. The Missing Majority: The Recruitment of Women as State Legislative Candidates. Praeger, 1998. International IDEA. Designing for Equality: Best-Fit, Medium-Fit and Non-Favourable Combinations of Electoral Systems and Gender Quotas. International Idea, 2007. Tremblay, Manon. Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

The way Homer conveys his stories to the audience :: Literature

The Way Homer Conveys his Stories to the Audience Homer who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey used a number of different techniques to convey his poems and stories to his audience. I will be writing about these in this essay. Right from the beginning of Book 9 we see Homer’s ability to convey the story well, he starts it with a monologue from Odysseus to King Alcinous on his adventure. It gets right into the action which would’ve held his audiences interest throughout. He finds ways to get around justifying things by ‘pushing’ Odysseus right out of the known world round Cape Malea into the unknown. He is then allowed to create a fictional world, another dimension where he cant be corrected. He creates islands and peoples, whole civilisations of monsters. This I believe is an excellent example of Homers good composition. He also weaves all these stories together from old folk tales and although there are some slight mistakes he was reciting it by mouth so couldn’t just press the ‘backspace key’ he had to carry on even if he had made a mistake. The Cyclops story and others were probably not told together like they are in the Odyssey, they would’ve been told by different groups and tribes around fires. So this is another example of well Homer composes the whole story into one massive epic poem which is the Odyssey. Another example of his good composition is how he makes the whole thing into a formula, in formulaic epithet. Not many people could probably do that straight away. He sometimes goes on auto-pilot by using the same phrases. E.g. â€Å"As soon as Dawn appeared, fresh and rosy-fingered.† This shows another good example of Homer’s composition excellence. Homer does make mistakes though, he sometimes when trying to weave the folk tales gets them jumbled up and doesn’t correct them. E.g. â€Å"The Cyclops then washed this meal down with unwatered milk† It was not normal then to water milk and isn’t now. We believe Homer made this mistake purposefully, as in the original the Cyclops may have been drinking wine but that would mean the rest of the story wouldn’t work so he quickly replaced wine with milk but didn’t get rid of unwatered.

ISMIS Online Enrollment USC Cebu

University of San Carols, one of the oldest schools in the Philippines, has experienced a drastic change when it decided to adjust to the modern world run by technology. Manual and traditional enrollment meant students having to go to the campus early to get the schedule they desire to be enrolled in. Long lines of eager students barricading the offices didn't mean proper order in the enrollment system but this was slowly accepted by those who really wished to enroll.The drastic change came when students and faculty of the school decided to adapt to technology by creating a database system which loud allow students to check their grades, assessment, enrollment processes and even the library system from their own homes. With a stable internet connection, any student can connect to the school by entering their ID numbers and passwords.A question arises, though, as to why the proponents chose this topic when the database system called ‘Integrated School Management Information Syst em (ISMS)† received good reviews and is functioning fairly well. The reason is, â€Å"functioning fairly well† does not apply to every part of the system. The flaw comes out in the specific function called he â€Å"Online Enrollment. † The importance of this study is to figure out how ISMS users are satisfied with the performance of this database system.During enrollment season, Carolinians (students of the university) voice out issues about the ISMS not functioning and delaying their chances of getting good courses and practical time schedules. Students cite their sentiments through social networking sites which is why there is not much they can do about it. This study aims to find samples from the student population regarding their satisfaction/dissatisfaction on ISMS. Would they prefer the traditional lining-up-and-filling-up-forms type of enrollment?